Thanks to professor Per Enblad for valuable comments on this manuscript and to Tim Howells for careful proofreading. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Neurol v. Front Neurol. Published online Oct Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Reviewed by: David F.
Giglio, Italy. This article was submitted to Neurotrauma, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology. Received Jun 8; Accepted Sep The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Abstract Several hypotheses have been put forth over time to explain how consciousness can be so rapidly lost, and then spontaneously regained, following mechanical head trauma. Keywords: traumatic brain injury, concussion, boxing, mechanoporation, mechanosensitive MS ion channel. A History of Knockouts The proportions of the human hand differ from other primates, which tend to have longer fingers.
Symptoms of a Punch A strike to the head which does not lead to unconsciousness may still induce a state characterized by reduced reaction speed and confusion. The Biomechanics of a Knockout For a punch to damage the brain, the force from the impact must somehow be transferred through the skull and into the brain tissue. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. The Convulsive Hypothesis According to this hypothesis, the mechanical forces of the impact trigger a depolarization of the neuronal cell membrane, which leads to uncontrolled release of action potentials.
Vascular Hypotheses When a knockout is fatal, a CT scan typically reveals extensive cerebral hemorrhage, which makes it reasonable to assume that tearing of blood vessels is the main form of primary injury in this case. Microtubule Breakage Normal body movements lead to stretching of axons in the peripheral nervous system which can readily adjust their length without damage in this case Mechanosensitive Ion Channels Mechanosensitive ion channels are found in several parts of the body, for example, the heart, urine bladder, and inner ear, where they are required for normal physiology.
The Mechanoporation Hypothesis Pore formation in a cell membrane induced by mechanical forces is referred to as mechanoporation, which primarily has been investigated by using molecular markers to evaluate cell membrane permeability following experimental brain trauma 28 , Figure 2. Benefits of Understanding Knockouts It may be that seeing a person being knocked out, and then rapidly regaining consciousness, is so common that it is taken for granted.
Author Contributions AH drafted the original manuscript. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments Thanks to professor Per Enblad for valuable comments on this manuscript and to Tim Howells for careful proofreading. Footnotes Funding. References 1. Protective buttressing of the human fist and the evolution of hominin hands. J Exp Biol.
Concussion: the history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions. Concussion is confusing us all. Pract Neurol. Martland HS. Punch drunk. Experimental concussion. Proc R Soc Med. Cournoyer J, Hoshizaki TB. Head dynamic response and brain tissue deformation for boxing punches with and without loss of consciousness. Clin Biomech. N Engl J Med. The relation between loss of consciousness, severity of traumatic brain injury, and injury of ascending reticular activating system in patients with traumatic brain injury.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Impaired consciousness due to injury of ascending reticular activating system. Transl Neurosci. Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness. Correlation of experimental and clinical observations of blunt head injuries. The physiological basis of concussion. J Neurosurg.
Shaw NA. The neurophysiology of concussion. Prog Neurobiol. Hosseini AH, Lifshitz J. Brain injury forces of moderate magnitude elicit the fencing response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Concussive convulsions: incidence in sport and treatment recommendations.
Sports Med. Concussive convulsions: a YouTube video analysis. Trotter W. On certain minor injuries of the brain. Br Med J. Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil. Mechanical breaking of microtubules in axons during dynamic stretch injury underlies delayed elasticity, microtubule disassembly, and axon degeneration. Partial interruption of axonal transport due to microtubule breakage accounts for the formation of periodic varicosities after traumatic axonal injury.
Exp Neurol. Sachs F. Mechanical transduction by ion channels: a cautionary tale. World J Neurol. Gottlieb PA. A Tour de Force. In: Current Topics in Membranes. Amsterdam: Elsevier; p. Repeated low-level blast overpressure leads to endovascular disruption and alterations in TDP and Piezo2 in a rat model of blast TBI.
Polarity of varicosity initiation in central neuron mechanosensation. J Cell Biol. Tehse J, Taghibiglou C. Join over , Boxers. Steps to knock out opponents in a fight. Keep both feet planted on the ground. Proper stance: Your front foot is angled around 15 degrees, sitting flat on the ground. Your back foot is angled around 45 degrees, with the back heel lifted. Both are hands are relaxed and raised enough to cover your chin but not your eyes. Elbows down, palms facing you, shoulders relaxed.
Left hand about inches in front of your chin, right hand by your cheek bone. Rotate your feet, hips, and torso.
As your back foot pivots, your hips will rotate slightly while your torso rotates a little more. Make sure your body weight drills your right leg into the ground. Many fighters make the mistake of straightening the right leg which pops your hip up, making you lose balance and power.
And as the front foot pivots, your hips and torso will also rotate slightly to the right. Extend or Swing the elbow. For the Right Cross — lift and extend the right elbow as you launch your fist forwards. It helps to imagine that the elbow is slightly curving more into the lift first and THEN going forwards. See examples of right cross knockouts.
For the Left Hook — lift and swing the left elbow across your body as if the elbow is part of your glove. Again, please imagine that your fist and elbow are reinforced as one solid unit during the left hook. See examples of left hook knockouts.
Unified exhalation and fist squeeze. Your whole body especially the hands start out relaxed before the punch. Right as you throw the punch, you make a tight exhalation sound right at the moment you punch. Some will even clarify that you make the exhalation sound right and whole your body and punching hand contracts right when the punch lands to solidify your entire body into the shot. For more detailed and advanced instruction, read my articles on punching techniques.
Where to Aim for Knockout Punches 1. Can be targeted with crosses or hooks. The back of the head is also less protected less bone density than the front of the head. Temple — vulnerable area due to a frontal placement on the head and lower bone density compared to other areas of the skull like the forehead.
Punches landed here can easily impact the brain and make opponents dizzy. Highly recommended target since some fighters that have great chins can have vulnerable temples, and also because most fighters will keep their gloves low to guard the chin AND avoid covering their vision. Well-landed punches to the stomach or liver can drop an opponent to the floor in pain, slow down their footwork since the core muscles here are connected to the legs , sap their endurance and take some steam out of their punches.
Body punches can also indirectly help cause knockouts since targeting these areas may cause an opponent to lower his guard and expose his head. Solar plexus — especially painful place on the body that can take the wind out of your opponent and leave him rolling on the ground in pain.
There is not much an opponent can do to condition this area to take punches. The best way to target this is with your right hand while he throws his right hand.
Ribs — vulnerable areas on the body that are not only painful when targeted but can also break. Training for Knockout Punches As with anything in life, it helps to train and get accustomed to the situations that present opportunities for the knockout.
Sparring Sparring is the best drill and skill-development activity for learning how to throw knockout punches. It gets you comfortable with fighting and learning how to find and seize opportunities for knockouts.
There is no practice better than live practice. Even better if you have a coach to tell what things to focus on. Try my sparring drills. Mitts will allow you to practice different angles as many times as you want and improve your accuracy and timing for these exact angles. You can work as many different angles as you want but do know that mitts can never substitute the practice of facing a live opponent. Try my favorite mitt drills. The double-end bag is especially neglected by many fighters and most often by the fighters who need it most.
These two bags will help you develop faster hand speed and more importantly, the perfect hand-to-eye coordination for landing knockout punches.
See my double-end bag drills. What about the Heavy Bag? I feel the heavy bag is overrated and if anything, can stagnate your ability to land knockout punches. The heavy bag only works your power and endurance at best and while these qualities are still important, they are not essential for creating knockouts.
It does far more damage if he swings his head into the punch. Make sure you aim for his chin. The punch does more damage if you keep your eyes on him but some brawlers or skilled fighters even pros , will duck their head down at the moment of impact to avoid the counter.
Right Cross over the Jab One the easiest counter punches to land and effective even late in the fight when fighters take longer to retract their jabs. Look for his long jab and dip your head to the inside as you throw a right cross over his extended arm.
It does more damage if you land the cross right as his jab is coming out; even better if he throws his head in with the jab. Power is generated from the legs and transferred from the torso to the fist, until the final moment of impact. When you begin to understand that technique precedes power, only then will your punches become more powerful.
As always, practice is the only way to perfect your technique, and constant repetition will ensure that your technique is etched into muscle memory. In order to transfer power from the legs to the torso and inevitably to the fist, there must be a proper shifting of weight. This is achieved by executing a smooth, fluid motion that allows power to travel from the base to the fist with maximum torque and velocity. First, you must strengthen your base by sitting down slightly before throwing a punch.
With elbows tucked in, the punching arm is launched towards the target. Simultaneously, the rear foot is pivoted towards the target when punching with your rear hand as the torso twists inward. This movement allows all the energy to flow directly from the base to the fist. This is the correct method of shifting weight. Pro Tip: Avoid cocking the fist back before punching as this telegraphs the attack and gives opponent more time to defend. Part of being able to punch hard is having the confidence to throw the punch without fear of retaliation.
This is achieved by remaining defensively aware even while throwing a punch. One of the most common counters to a straight punch is a simultaneous straight punch from the opponent.
0コメント